Application of NMR spectroscopy

IN  THIS ARTICLE I DISCUSS  ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY.

• NMR – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a branch of spectroscopy that deals with the phenomenon found in assemblies of large number of nuclei of atoms that possess both “magnetic moments” and “angular momentum” is subjected to external magnetic field. 
• Resonance – Implies that we are in tune with a natural frequency of the nuclear magnetic system in the magnetic field.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR as it is abbreviated by scientists, is a phenomenon which occurs when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field and exposed to an oscillating electromagnetic field. Some nuclei experience this phenomenon, and others do not, dependent upon whether they possess a property called spin.

There are followin application of NMR

  Application biology

             NMR is used in biology to study the biofluids, cells, per fused organs and biomacromolecules  such as nucleic acid , corbohydrates, protein and peptides.And also labeling study in biochemistry. NMR simplifies the analysis of more complex or ambiguous cases such as proteins.Protein 3D structure and function study at atomic resolution can be solved BY NMR.

 Use of  NMR in physics and chemistry

                NMR is used in physics and physical chemistry to study high pressure diffusion, liquid crystal solutions, membrane, rigid solids . NMR is used in chemisry

•  Determine the enantiomeric purity
•  Macromolecule-- ligand intraction
•  Elucidate chemical structure of organic and inorganic compounds.
• Used to locate the position of atoms within a molecule.
• Most useful technique in organic chemistry
• Maps carbon -hydrogen  frame work of molecule

NMR IN PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

•  It is used to study about pharmaceutical and drug metabolism.
•  Leading technology for 3-D structure   determination of bio-macromolecules
•  Studying protein structure
•  SAR by NMR – Novel lead compounds
• Chemical  shift mapping – Structural information on the binding modes and site position
•  Molecular dynamics, conformational analysis
• Identifying gene products in disease
• Targets of drug design
• 

NMR structure of NMP-13 COMPLEXED TO LIGAND 

APPLICATIONS OF NMR IN MEDICINE

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PROTON   IMAGING IN DIAGNOSIS

BRAIN

•   MRI
•  Distinguishing gray matter & white matter
• Imaging posterior fossae, brain stem, spinal   cord
• Detect demyelinating lesions, tumors,   hemorrhages, infarctions

MRI IMAGES OF HUMAN BRAIN

ABDOMEN

        o Metabolic liver disease

        o Measures liver iron over load in hemochromatosis

         o Focal areas of inflammation in chronic active hepatisis

KIDNEYS

               oDistinguishing renal cortex & medulla

                oTo evaluate transplanted  kidney

PELVIS

•         Differentiates between  Benign prostatic hyperplasia   & prostatic carcinoma
•        Detects bladder tumour

MEDIASTINUM, HILUM, LUNG

                  o Assessing  abnormalitieS

                   o Respiratory gating

HEART

                  o Tomographic images of heart muscle, chambers, valvular structures

ECHO-PLANAR TECHNIQUE

                  Discrimination between infarcted, ischemic & normal myocardiuum

BREAST

                  3D-NMR & single-slice planar imaging in detecting breast abnormalities

MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM

                 Demonstrates Osteo  myelitis, tumor metastasis in   vertebral bodies & pelvic bones

                   Images of muscles, tendons, ligaments

BLOOD VESSELS & FLOW

                Ø  Atherosclerotic vascular disease

                 Ø  Assess blood flow in major vessels.

 INVIVO SPECTROSCOPY

                Chemical shift phenomenon

                 Diagnosis of rare disease to inborn errors-

PUTTING  NMR  IMAGING INTO   PERSPECTIVE       

                   Eliminates risk of x-radiation

                   Excellent spatial & contrast resolution

                    Detecting diseases at earlier stage

 Structural (chemical) elucidation

 NMR is used in both Natural product chemistry Synthetic organic chemistry

                  Analytical tool of choice of synthetic chemist

                  Used in conjunction with MS and IR

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Laboratory NMR is commonly used in the petroleum industry to evaluate rock cores and to develop petrophysical relations between NMR parameters and parameters of interest for petroleum exploration.

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