What is an ionic bond?
The ionic bond is the bond
that is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another
atom. The atom which gives electrons to other atoms gets a positive charge, known
as cation and the atom which gains electrons from other atoms gets a negative charge,
known as an anion. The other name of the ionic bond is the electrovalent bond.
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| ionic compounds |
Ionic compounds chemistry
The
compounds that are formed by the combination of cation and anion are known as
ionic compounds. An ionic bond is formed
between two atoms, in which one atom has low ionization energy and another atom
has high electron affinity. The energy difference between the atoms is responsible
for the transfer of electrons from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
Ionic bond is formed on the basis of electronegativity difference between the atoms. If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is 1.7 or more than it, then the compounds formed between the atoms is said to be ionic compound.
Properties of ionic compounds
1. The melting and boiling point of ionic compounds is
relatively high because strong electrostatic forces present between the ions of
molecules.
2. The rate of reaction of ionic compounds is very fast
as compared to covalent compounds.
3. Ionic compounds have a strong electrostatic force of attraction between anion and cation.
4. Ionic compounds have ions, they are able to conduct light
and electricity in molten form and dissolved
form. They do not conduct light and electricity in solid form.
5. The atom which forms ionic compounds has different
ionization energy and electron affinity values. One atom has low ionization
energy and another atom has high electron affinity.
6. Ionic compounds are polar compounds, so they easily
dissolve in water.
7. Ionic compounds have the ability to form crystal lattices.
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| Ionic compounds |
8.
Ionic
compounds have hard and brittle nature.
9.
They
act as good insulators.
10. Ionic compounds have higher enthalpies of vaporization enthalpies and fusion as compared to covalent compounds.
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| sodium chloride |
Examples
of ionic compounds
The elements of groups IA and IIA form ionic bonds with
the element of groups VIA and VIIA. The group IA and IIA elements are able to
lose electrons to complete their outermost shell and group VIA and VIIA elements
are able to gain electrons to complete their outermost shell.
The elements of Group IA (Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs) are good the loser of electrons and elements of group Group VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I) are good
gainer of electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Sodium
Sodium is the element of group IA, so it has only one electron
in its outermost shell and element of the period no 3, so it has three shells. The atomic
number of sodium is 11. It has 2 electrons in 1st shell, 8 electrons in 2nd shell and 1
electron in 3rd shell.
Na: 1s2,
2s2, 2p6, 3s1
Sodium has two
possibilities to complete its outermost shell. One possibility is to
lose 1 electron and another possibility is to gain 7 electrons from another atom. The gain of 7 electrons is difficult,
so sodium prefers to lose one electron
and converted it into a positive ion.
Na Na1+
+ 1e-
Na: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
Chlorine
Chlorine is the element of group VIIA so it has 7
electrons in its outermost shell and belongs to period no 3, so it has three
shells. The atomic number of chlorine is 17.
Cl: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p5
Chlorine also has two
possibilities to complete its outermost shell. One possibility is to lose
7 electrons to complete their
outermost shell and other possibility is to gain 1 electron. It is difficult to gain 7 electrons, so chlorine prefers to gain 1 electron from another atom and converted it into anion.
Cl + 1e- Cl-
Cl: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p6
Sodium and chlorine react with each other to complete
their octet. Sodium loses 1 electron and
chlorine gains one electron.
Na +
Cl NaCl
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| sodium chloride |
Calcium oxide
Calcium: Belongs to Group IIA and period no 3.
Calcium has 2
electrons its outermost shell and has 3
shells.
Oxygen: Belongs to Group VIA and period no 2
Oxygen has 6 electrons in its outermost shell and
has two shells.
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| Calcium oxide |
Other examples of ionic compounds
KCl, aluminum oxide, CsF,
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| brown salt |
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